On This Day

The single prohibition — not to eat from the Tree of Knowledge — is broken the same day: the serpent persuades Chava, who gives the fruit to Adam.

The human is sent out of the garden lest he reach for the Tree of Life; cherubim and a whirling fiery sword guard the way back.

On the sixth day the human is formed from dust and filled with a living soul; from him the woman, Chava, «mother of all living», is separated.

The governor left over the remnant in the Land was murdered by his own people. The last inhabitants then fled to Egypt, and the country was emptied altogether.

After eighty days of prayer Moses comes down with the second tablets and the word of forgiveness; that day, the tenth of Tishrei, becomes Yom Kippur.

false messiah whose movement swept communities from Yemen to Amsterdam, and who converted to Islam

умер в Йом Кипур

Egypt and Syria attacked on the holiest day of the year, while the country stood in synagogue; some 2,700 died in three weeks.

Hasidic master, teller of tales, founder of Breslov Hasidism

в холь а-моэд Суккот

leader of Lithuanian Jewry, head of the Mitnagdim, reformer of Torah study

On the Shabbat of Simchat Torah, Hamas fighters broke into the border communities: about 1,200 killed and 251 taken hostage — the deadliest day for Jews since the Shoah.

disciple of the Maggid, «defender of Israel», author of Kedushat Levi

rabbi of Pressburg, leader of the Orthodox response to Reform

High Priest, the last of the men of the Great Assembly

день паломничества к его могиле в Йерушалаиме

great-grandson of the Maggid, founder of the Ruzhin house and its branches

Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel, who restored the authority of the Sephardi tradition

who carried the Ashkenazi tradition into Spain, author of a halakhic digest of the Talmud

Yaakov's beloved wife, mother of Yosef and Binyamin

умерла при рождении Биньямина по дороге в Бейт-Лехем

Yaakov's youngest son, the only one born in the Land of Israel

the date is not first-hand; по преданию родился и умер в один день

disciple of the Baal Shem Tov and the Maggid, founder of the Chernobyl dynasty

chief of staff in the Six-Day War, prime minister, assassinated in 5756

убит после захода солнца 4 ноября 1995

authority of the Haredi world in the Land of Israel, lawgiver for a new state

умер в ночь на пятницу, 24 октября 1953

head of the Ponevezh yeshiva, leader of the Lithuanian Haredi world

In Noach's six hundredth year, on 17 Cheshvan, the fountains of the deep burst open and the windows of heaven opened; rain fell for forty days.

The British government for the first time recognised the Jewish right to a national home in the Land of Israel — in a three-paragraph letter that changed history.

poet and parachutist dropped into occupied Europe

казнена 7 ноября 1944

chemist and diplomat of Zionism, first president of Israel

A year and eleven days later the earth is dry, and Noach, his family and all the animals step out onto an empty world to begin again.

first prime minister of Israel, who declared its independence

first woman prime minister of Israel

Nasi, redactor of the Mishnah, leader of his generation

The UN General Assembly voted 33 to 13 to establish a Jewish state in the Land of Israel — for the first time in 1,900 years.

successor of the Baal Shem Tov, who turned Hasidism into a network of courts

A priestly family from Modi'in revolts against an empire, retakes the Temple, and finds one jar of pure oil that burns for eight days.

the first patriarch, who made the one God known to the world

the date is not first-hand; Тора называет только возраст, 175 лет (Берешит 25:7)

King Ptolemy shuts seventy-two elders in separate rooms and demands a translation of the Torah — and all seventy-two versions come out identical.

the scribe who restored Torah to the people after the exile

предание, приведённое в Маген Авраам к Орах Хаим 580

On the tenth of Tevet Nebuchadnezzar encamped against Jerusalem. The siege lasted some thirty months and ended in famine, a breach in the wall, and the flight of King Zedekiah.

Maimonides writes a book for those torn between Torah and philosophy; after his death in Egypt the Jewish world repeats: 'From Moses to Moses there arose none like Moses.'

codifier of all halakhah, philosopher, physician to the sultan

founder of Chabad, author of the Tanya and the «Shulchan Aruch HaRav»

rabbi of Frankfurt, author of the principle «Torah im derech eretz»

rabbi of Brisk and leader of Jerusalem's old community, founder of its orphanage

In the thirty-seven days before his death Moses delivers Deuteronomy — summary, rebuke and testament — and on the seventh of Adar he dies on Mount Nebo at a hundred and twenty.

Enlightenment philosopher, father of the Haskalah

leader of the Hasidim of Ger, author of «Sfat Emet»

sixth Rebbe of Chabad, who sustained Judaism in the Soviet underground

founder of the Mussar movement of character work

Rabbi Nosson Tzvi Finkel, who raised a generation of yeshiva heads

Bible commentator, grammarian, astronomer and lifelong wanderer

день и месяц совпадают в источниках, год расходится

Seventy-four years after the destruction the Temple stands again — to the joy of the young and the weeping of elders who remembered the first House.

On the seventh of Adar, 2368, Moses is born; hidden in a basket on the Nile, he is saved by Pharaoh's daughter and raised in the palace of the man who sought his death.

prophet, leader of the Exodus, who received the Torah at Sinai

Мегила 13б: родился и умер 7 адара

A death sentence on an entire people is overturned: Haman is hanged, the Jews are allowed to defend themselves, and the day of destruction becomes a day of joy.

head of the Kol Torah yeshiva, authority on halakhah and technology

5755 — год високосный

disciple of the Maggid, author of Noam Elimelech, teacher of the Polish tzaddikim

founder of the Ger court, disciple of the Kotzker

Six years after its hardest war, Israel signed peace with its strongest enemy and returned Sinai.

commander of the Irgun, prime minister who signed peace with Egypt

5752 — год високосный

leading halakhic authority of American Jewry

5746 — год високосный

On the first of Nisan, 2449, a portable sanctuary is set up in the middle of the camp; the cloud fills it, and Aaron and his sons begin their service.

prophetess, sister of Moshe and Aharon

месяц назван в Бемидбар 20:1, день — по преданию

In the fortieth year Miriam and Aaron die; the well vanishes, at the rock of Meribah Moses loses the right to enter the Land, and the whole people mourns Aaron.

Thirty days after mourning Moses, the people cross the Jordan on dry ground on the tenth of Nisan, 2488; Jericho is the first city to fall.

Torah commentator, leader of Spanish Jewry, defender at the Barcelona disputation

author of «Shnei Luchot HaBrit», joining law, Kabbalah and ethics

the date is not first-hand; дата принята в календарях, но оспаривается

The Persian king throws a feast using vessels looted from the ruined Temple, and his minister Haman buys the right to destroy the entire Jewish people in a single day.

author of the Shulchan Aruch, the accepted code of Jewish law

On the eve of Passover a few hundred young people with improvised weapons held out against the German army for nearly a month.

the second patriarch, the only one who never left the Land of Israel

the date is not first-hand; Тора называет только возраст, 180 лет (Берешит 35:28)

On the night of the fifteenth of Nisan, 2448, Israel eats the paschal offering with matzah and bitter herbs and walks out of Egypt as a free people.

Yaakov's third son, ancestor of the priestly and Levite tribe

the date is not first-hand

leader of American Modern Orthodoxy, philosopher and rosh yeshiva

Young socialists from Russia came to build the country with their own hands. In 1909 sixty-six families drew lots for plots on the dunes — and the first modern Jewish city began.

On the seventh day after the departure the sea splits before Israel and closes over Pharaoh's chariots; the people sing the Song of the Sea.

Rabbi Chaim Halberstam, halakhist and head of the Sanz court

Moshe's disciple and successor, conqueror of the Land of Israel

On Friday, 5 Iyar 5708, eight hours before the British Mandate expired, the founding of a Jewish state was proclaimed in Tel Aviv.

author of the «Sefer HaHalachot», the first code drawn from the Talmud

the date is not first-hand; часть источников называет сиван

Tanna, foremost student of Rabbi Akiva, the anonymous voice of the Mishnah

traditions differ; часть общин отмечает 14 ияра, в Песах шени

Tanna, thirteen years in a cave, by tradition the author of the Zohar

Лаг ба-Омер; паломничество в Мерон

author of the «Mappah», the Ashkenazi glosses to the Shulchan Aruch

в тот же день, что и Рашби

Gaon of Sura, first Jewish philosopher, translator of the Torah into Arabic

kabbalist, poet and author of «Mesillat Yesharim»

In six days the map of the Middle East changed, and on 28 Iyar Jewish soldiers reached the Western Wall for the first time in nineteen years.

prophet, the last judge, who anointed the first kings

On the fiftieth day after the Exodus the whole people stands at Sinai and hears the Ten Utterances; the covenant that shapes all later Jewish history is made.

the second king of Israel, unifier of the kingdom, author of the Psalms

по преданию умер в Шавуот

founder of Hasidism

первый день Шавуот

student of the Vilna Gaon, founder of the Volozhin yeshiva

Yaakov's fourth son, ancestor of the royal tribe

the date is not first-hand

writer, witness of the Holocaust, Nobel Peace Prize laureate

son of Yaakov and Rachel, viceroy of Egypt

traditions differ; по другой традиции — 27 тамуза

seventh Rebbe of Chabad, creator of a worldwide network of emissaries

head of the Tosafist school, Rashi's grandson

author of the «Arba'ah Turim», the structure of all Jewish law

While Moses is on the mountain the people cast a golden calf; coming down, he shatters the tablets, and the seventeenth of Tammuz becomes a fast for all generations.

founder of political Zionism

10 ияра — это день его рождения, а не йорцайт

systematiser of Kabbalah, head of the Safed school before the Arizal

disciple of the Seer of Lublin, founder of the Sighet-Satmar dynasty

commentator on Tanakh and Talmud, without whom neither is studied

the first High Priest, Moshe's elder brother

Бемидбар 33:38 — единственная явная дата смерти в самой Торе

founder of Lurianic Kabbalah, master of the Safed mystics

Twelve scouts return from Canaan, ten talk the people out of going up, and for the weeping of that night the generation is left to die in the wilderness.

Nebuzaradan burned the Temple, the palace and all of Jerusalem and deported the people to Babylon. The House that had stood four hundred and ten years was gone.

On the ninth of Av the legions of Titus burn the Temple — on the same date as the first; the age of sacrifice ends and a two-thousand-year exile begins.

The last great war for independence: three and a half years of victories, messianic hope — and the fall of Betar on the Ninth of Av, after which Judea was emptied.

Ferdinand and Isabella signed a decree that in four months ended the oldest and most brilliant Jewish community in Europe.

Rabbi Yaakov Yitzchak Horowitz, from whose house came the courts of Poland

умер в Девятое ава

creator of the «Brisker method» of Talmud study

physician and educator, head of an orphanage, who died with his children

the date is not first-hand; польский суд принял датой 7 августа 1942; часть источников — 5–6 августа

head of the Satmar court, who rebuilt it in America after the Shoah

Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin, forty years at the head of the Volozhin yeshiva

first Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of the Land of Israel, thinker of national renewal

spiritual head of Baghdad Jewry, lawgiver of the Sephardi world

thinker and rabbi of Prague, hero of the Golem legend

Some three thousand people were killed in New York; the world saw what Israel had long lived with, and an era changed.

author of the «Mishnah Berurah» and the laws of forbidden speech, moral authority of his generation

In six days God calls the world out of nothingness — light, separation, life — and on the seventh He rests, sanctifying the Sabbath.

Rabbi Shalom Rokeach, founder of the Belz court